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The Republic of Austria is a landlocked country in Europe bordered by the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Switzerland. Austria is divided into the provinces of Burgenland, Carinthia, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Upper Austria, Vorarlberg and Vienna. The city of Vienna is the capital.

The Republic of Cyprus is an island in the Eastern Mediterranean (part of the Middle East), located thirty-five miles south of Turkey and sixty-four miles south-west of Syria. Nicosia, the capital city, is located centrally on the island. It is divided into two sections, with Turkish and Greek communities separated by a fortified border. Larnaka, one of Cyprus’ main ports, is on the southern coast of the island. The most important cities in Northern Cyprus are Famagusta and Kyrenia.

The Republic of Serbia and Montenegro is a landlocked country in South East Europe. It is bordered by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Albania. Belgrade is the capital city. Provinces in Serbia are the province of Vojvodina (with Novi Sad its administrative centre) and the province of Kosovo and Metohia.

The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is in the Caribbean. Puerto Rico is a dependent of the USA but retains commonwealth status. San Juan is the capital. Other important cities are Ponce, Caguas, Mayaguez and Arecibo. Smaller islands belonging to Puerto Rico include Culebra, Vieques and Mona. Much of Puerto Rico is mountainous with coastal lowlands. The longest river is the Grande de Arecibo.

The Republic of Lithuania is in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Baltic Sea, Latvia, Belarus, Poland and Russia (Kaliningrad). Vilnius is the capital city. Other cities include Kaunas, Klaipeda (Lithuania’s main port), Siauliai, Panevezys and Alytus. Lithuania has over seven hundred rivers; the longest are the Nemunas, Neris and the Venta. The country’s terrain is mostly low-lying with some hills.

The Republic of Kazakhstan is in Central Asia. It is the ninth largest country in the world with a total area of 2,717,300 sq km. Kazakhstan is bordered by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and the Caspian Sea. The capital city is Astana. Almaty was the capital until the end of 1998. Kazakhstan’s terrain consists of large areas of plains with some mountainous regions. The main river is the Irtysh.

The islands of Japan, lying between the “Sea of Japan” (Korea’s East Sea) and the Pacific Ocean, are part of a chain running along the coast of Asia opposite China, Korea and, in the north, the former Soviet Union. Japan consists of a number of islands: Kyushu, Hokkaido, Honshu and Shikoku and around three thousand small islands, including the Volcano Islands and Iwo-jima. Tokyo is the capital city. Other important cities – all on Honshu, the largest of the islands – are Osaka, Nagoya, Kyoto and Yokohama.

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is in Southern Asia and is bordered by Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China and Pakistan. Kabul is the capital city. Other principal cities include Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-e Sharif. Afghanistan is very mountainous with plains in the north and southwest. The main rivers are the Kabul and Amudarya.

The Republic of Bolivia is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Chile, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. La Paz is the seat of government; Sucre is the location of the Supreme Court. Other major cities include Santa Cruz and Cochabamba.

The Islamic Republic of Iran is in southwestern Asia. It is bordered by Iraq, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave, Azerbaijan-proper, the Caspian Sea, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. The Straits of Hormuz is a strategic waterway linking the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman. Tehran is the capital city.