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The Lebanese Republic is in the Middle East and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, Syria and Israel. Beirut is the capital city and a major port. Tripoli is Lebanon’s second largest city. Much of Lebanon is mountainous. The Bekaa Valley, part of the Great Rift Valley, is between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains. There is a narrow Mediterranean coastal plain. Lebanon’s main rivers are the Litani and the Orontes.

Lebanon has a Mediterranean climate. Its summers are hot and dry. Winters can be mild and wet with snow in the mountains.

Environment
Lebanon is a small country with a varied landscape consisting of beaches, mountains, valleys, forests and woodlands.

The Qadisha Valley, a World Heritage site, is one of Lebanon’s areas of natural beauty. Here it is possible to see some of Lebanon’s cedars.

Few of the famous “Cedars of Lebanon” remain today. Deforestation is one of the country’s environmental issues and forests and woodlands only cover eight percent of the country. Other environmental problems are soil erosion and desertification. (2002)

Architecture
There are a number of World Heritage sites in Lebanon: Byblos, one of the world’s oldest cities; the Phoenician cities of Tyre and Baalbek (with the Roman Temple of Bacchus); Qadisha Valley, famous for its early Christian monasteries and Anjar, an Islamic Umayyad city built in the eighth century.

Another of Lebanon’s historic sites is Beaufort Castle. Built in 1139 by European Crusaders, it is the largest Crusader castle in Lebanon.

There are also many buildings dating from the Mamluke and Ottoman periods. Tripoli, in particular, has over forty buildings that are designated as historical sites.

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